Irish MEP Seán Kelly says Ireland must stop talking about its geothermal potential and start delivering projects, arguing that implementation of the country’s geothermal policy has already taken too long.
A keynote speaker at the European Geothermal District Heating & Cooling Conference held in Dublin this month, he highlighted the geopolitical pressures and broad industry context that had heightened the urgency for geothermal energy.
“More than 90% of Irish heat demand was still being met by fossil fuels in 2024, with renewables accounting for only 7.9% of heat consumption,” he said.
“We are very exposed and vulnerable.”Geothermal energy could provide a solution, he said, referencing the publication of the European Commission’s new Electrification Action Plan, which he described as “one of the most consequential pieces of European energy policy in this Commission’s mandate.”
In his full speech, posted to the website of the European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC), Kelly said there is a “great opportunity” for Ireland to learn from the experiences of other European countries to advance its own geothermal sector.
“There are lessons from projects that succeeded and from those that did not, and there is a great opportunity for Ireland to learn from that experience and apply it rapidly at home,” he told the conference.
Kelly also flagged Ireland’s 2023 geothermal policy that has not yet been fully implemented.
“An opportunity is nothing without action,” he said.
“Three years is too long for a policy statement on a valuable indigenous energy resource to be sitting on a shelf awaiting full implementation, particularly when the geopolitical context has changed so dramatically around us.”
Kelly said that every major new public building and significant public-sector heating retrofit should at least be asking the question: has geothermal been properly assessed?
“We need to put in place the required frameworks and supports to get this sector moving.”
Amid lofty ambitions, both from the European Commission and in Dublin, he urged for great action.
“We need to show ambition here and deliver.”
As the energy transition advances, demand is growing for critical minerals such as lithium, a key element for electric vehicles and energy storage-battery applications.
The UK government has set a target of meeting 10% of the UK’s critical mineral demands from domestic production by 2035, including at least 50,000 tons of lithium carbonate.
A significant development towards meeting this target has come with the announcement from Geothermal Engineering Ltd (GEL), a leading geothermal developer in the UK, that its lithium carbonate produced from deep geothermal brine now exceeds the 99.3% purity specification and can be classified as ‘technical grade’ material. This means that it meets the purity requirements for battery producers without the need for further refining. Technical Grade lithium carbonate is traded internationally, including through markets such as the Shanghai Metals Market, and GEL hopes to become a leader in Europe’s emerging lithium industry. Its plant has a production capacity of 100 tonnes of lithium carbononate per annum.
GEL’s United Downs deep geothermal project is the first geothermal power plant in the UK, and is funded by a mixture of public and private funds. The aim of the project is to produce power and heat from the hot granite rocks beneath Cornwall at the United Downs Industrial Site near Redruth, Cornwall. The site contains the hottest and deepest onshore well in the UK, measuring a total depth of 5,057m. GEL has discovered high concentrations of lithium in the geothermal waters at their United Downs site.
Production at the United Downs site is forecasted to hit around 2,000 tonnes per annum by 2029. As other sites are added, the anticipated total production from GEL will increase to 30,000 tonnes per annum by 2033, meeting over 60% of the UK’s lithium target alone.
Meeting the internationally recognised purity specification represents a significant step forward for GEL, as it
Dr Ryan Law, CEO of GEL, said, “Producing lithium carbonate that exceeds the purity specification for Technical Grade material is a major milestone for GEL and an important validation of our technology. We are demonstrating that it is possible to produce a high-quality, saleable lithium product in the UK with the highest environmental standards, creating the potential for a more secure and sustainable domestic supply of this critical battery material. This achievement marks an important step in our journey from pioneering technological development to large scale production.”
Julian Hetherington MBE, director of Automotive Transformation at the APC, delivering the UK government’s Driving Research & Investment in Vehicle Electrification programme, DRIVE35, said, “United Downs shows the huge opportunity the UK has to build a domestic supply of lithium carbonate in a sustainable way. It will strengthen the UK’s critical minerals supply chain and reindustrialise the country. DRIVE 35 is proud to have supported the project with a £1.8 million grant through our Automotive Transformation Fund, to help reach this important milestone.”
A subsidiary of the TÜV NORD GROUP, DMT, has begun a 3D seismic survey on behalf of Stadtwerke München to investigate the deep subsurface, with the collected data aiming to provide a three-dimensional image of the area to form the geological basis for further development of deep geothermal energy in Munich.
Research consultancy Ecorys has outlined its work on a new European Union (EU) study which maps geothermal energy regulation, permitting and financing across member states.
It work played a part informing the European Commission’s Geothermal Action Plan as part of the Heating and Cooling Strategy.
The Ecorys study examined geothermal regulation, permitting, data availability and financing across the EU, with insights from Iceland, Turkey, Canada and the USA.“Geothermal energy is one of Europe’s most underused renewable resources, offering stable, low-carbon heating, cooling and power generation — yet fragmented regulation, permitting and financing across member states continue to hold back deployment,” the consultancy posted in an update on its website.
The work also charts the long history of geothermal energy in Europe, from the 14th-century district heating system in Chaudes-Aigues, France, to the world’s first geothermal power plant in Larderello, Italy, operating since 1913.
“Despite this legacy, geothermal still contributes only around 0.2% of EU electricity and 0.7% of heat supply today, even though geological assessments point to far greater untapped potential, including over 300 TWh per year of heat production potential in Germany alone,” the consultancy added.
Realising this potential, it noted, depends on overcoming the regulatory, permitting and financing barriers that vary widely across member states.
Key findings from its work include:
• Geothermal regulation is highly fragmented across the EU, with significant differences in legal frameworks, governance structures, and permitting requirements between member states.
• Permitting is a major barrier, particularly for deep geothermal projects, due to lengthy, complex, multi-authority processes, limited administrative expertise, and inconsistent application of environmental assessments.
• Data availability and accessibility remain uneven, with fragmented standards, confidentiality restrictions, and limited administrative capacity increasing exploration risk and investment uncertainty.
• Financial support is scarce, especially for deep geothermal projects, where dedicated risk-sharing mechanisms for exploration and drilling risks are still rare.
• Ownership structures differ by depth and application. Shallow geothermal systems are typically privately financed by building owners, while deep geothermal heat projects are more often structured as municipal initiatives or public–private partnerships.
• Demand-side challenges constrain investment, including dependence on district heating networks and difficulties securing a stable customer base during project development.
• Projects anchored by one or a few large off-takers (for example, agricultural or industrial) or combined with other revenue streams such as lithium or mineral extraction, are better positioned to overcome this demand risk.
• Key best practices include streamlined and differentiated permitting, and centralised digital information tools such as geothermal portals, permitting maps, and zoning systems.
Cornish Lithium’s Cross Lanes Geothermal Lithium Project in Cornwall, UK, is advancing with the award of an integrated well services contract to Halliburton
Cornwall's mineral-rich waters offer strong potential for sustainable lithium extraction. Cornish Lithium, which is commited to developing a secure, sustainable and domestic supply of lithium to support the UK's energy transition, plans to responsibly develop a number of geothermal projects across Cornwall, each capable of producing between 500 and 1,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent per year. Cornish Lithium first drilled and tested an exploration borehole at Cross Lanes in 2023, which confirmed that lithium rich geothermal waters circulate naturally through its underlying rock formations.
Planning permission has been granted for a commercial lithium production facility at this site. The facility, which will include a demonstration plant phase, will enable Cornish Lithium to implement multiple phases of testing and enhancements to confirm the site’s potential for the commercial production of lithium, with a long-term aim of achieving full commercial production.
Phase 1 of the project, which is supported by the UK government, began in January 2026 and includes the construction and operation of the geothermal lithium production facility, along with drilling two new 2,000 metre boreholes to establish the lithium resources potential of underground geothermal waters.
Under the contract, Halliburton will provide an integrated execution approach, encompassing subsurface modelling and well engineering, together with equipment and services for the drilling and testing of the two appraisal wells. This work will help to estimate the amount of lithium contained within the geothermal system of the Cornubian Batholith – the large body of granite formed around 280 million years ago that lies beneath much of Cornwall and Devon.
These commercial-scale wells will allow Cornish Lithium to carry out extended testing during a defined timescale to validate sustainable production conditions, assess water reinjection rates and confirm the company’s preferred direct lithium extraction technology at demonstration scale. In addition, these test works will allow the company to explore the potential to harness geothermal heat for local homes and businesses.
Data gathered from the wells will inform the project’s Final Investment Decision and support the company’s wider ambition to develop a network of modular geothermal lithium production hubs across Cornwall. Together, these sites could deliver a scalable, low carbon and secure domestic supply of lithium for the UK.
Martin Geissler, VP general manager for Lithium in Geothermal Waters at Cornish Lithium, said,“We are delighted to appoint Halliburton as our technical collaborator for integrated service delivery on the well services and testing scope of our Cross Lanes Geothermal Lithium Project.
“Halliburton brings deep industry expertise and knowledge and will support the drilling and testing phases of our project, from well design to construction. Their team was highly proactive throughout the tender process, demonstrating a clear understanding of our requirements and a strong commitment to supporting the project’s objectives. We look forward to working with Halliburton and other collaborators as we continue to advance the project, support Cornwall’s proud mining heritage, and create high-quality jobs and long-term economic growth for the region.”
Jean-Marc Lopez, senior vice president, Europe, Eurasia, and Sub-Saharan Africa region, Halliburton, added, “With more than 70 years of geothermal development experience and over a century of well delivery expertise, I expect our teams will execute the drilling programme safely and efficiently to support Cornish Lithium’s technical and operational objectives.”
Vattenfall has published an operational strategy update detailing its push into deep geothermal wells.
Its vision targets the expansion of collective district heating networks to rapidly swap out fossil gas assets ahead of strict 2030 emission caps mandated by the new Dutch Heat Act.
“Geothermal heat and energy is a somewhat untapped source in many parts of the world,” the company, one of Europe’s largest producers and retailers of electricity and heat, noted in a 25th August statement. “For the Netherlands, drilling for, and using, heat from the earth’s subsurface could both relieve the grid and lessen the dependency on imported sources.”
The Netherlands is currently ramping up the development of geothermal energy, it added, with the new Heat Act opening up opportunities for more and larger collective district heating networks, which need fossil-free energy sources.
At the moment around 150 new heat projects are in development round the country, according to Vattenfall.
Geothermal heat – where wells are drilled two to three kilometres into the ground and heat from the Earth’s interior is used for heating production – plays an important role in that development, it added.
“From 2030 onwards, we need to meet the conditions for maximum CO2 emissions set out by the Heat Act,” said Ivo Vos, Project Developer at Vattenfall. “That means that in some heat networks, where we have many fossil-based sources, we need to replace those with sustainable sources. And we need to do it very fast.”
At present, only 11.2% of homes in the Netherlands are heated by something other than gas — geothermal heat, together with sources such as waste heat from data centres, is expected to help increase that figure in the coming years, he added.
Performs extremely well
Vattenfall is currently running four geothermal projects in the Netherlands, in several cases in collaboration with the state-owned energy company EBN, which has been involved in 12 different geothermal projects from 2019.
EBN also runs the so-called SCAN project, in which it investigates and analyses the subsurface to make it easier for companies that later drill the wells.
The results of SCAN are accessible to all geothermal projects in the Netherlands, including where Vattenfall is work in Amsterdam and Almere.
“In terms of the carbon emitted per amount of heat delivered, geothermal performs extremely well,” said Michiel Houwing, Director of Heat Transition at EBN.
“The same is true for the levelised cost of heat that can be provided. It is still a heavily subsidised technology, but nevertheless, with the subsidy, an acceptable tariff can be offered to the end consumer.”
Providing for heat networks
The Netherlands has “very favourable conditions” for geothermal heat, the Vattenfall statement noted.
The sandstones in the subsurface are more porous than the bedrock found in, for example, northern Europe, making it more economically viable to produce hot water from drilled wells, which are often several kilometres deep.
Somewhat paradoxically, the Netherlands’ history of greater dependence on fossil fuels may actually work to its advantage, it added.
“To find the right geothermal locations, we have to understand what the subsurface looks like. Thanks to the Netherlands’ history of oil and gas production, we generally have a good understanding of the subsurface. In and around former oil and gas areas, where seismic data has already been collected, we can make use of that existing data,” said Vos.
Many of those areas have seismically been outside the urban areas where the geothermal heat sources are most needed to provide for the heat networks.
The Scan project was created in part to fill any blind spots in the subsurface knowledge.
Energy independence
For the Netherlands, geothermal heat could provide a double benefit, according to Vattenfall.It would make the country less dependent on predominantly foreign sourced gas for heating, while geothermal heat, which has a naturally high temperature from the outset, requires less additional energy from heat pumps.
For a country with an electricity grid that is under almost constant strain, geothermal heat could therefore offer an important advantage.
“District heating in general, and geothermal heat in particular, allow us to postpone investments in the electricity grid. If everyone in the Netherlands installs and uses heat pumps, it will place enormous pressure on a system that is already under strain. Although heat pumps will sometimes be needed in geothermal heating systems, their impact on the grid will be smaller,” said Houwing.
There is also, Houwing added, an aspect of energy independence.
“Geothermal is a source that makes you less dependent on imports of other energy sources. Geothermal is extremely local, and that makes us less vulnerable. I think that is very important for the country as a whole, and of course also for the energy system. It makes the system more robust.”
Vulcan Energy Resources is making headway on its Project Lionheart, detailing construction updates for its €2.2bn phase one work in an August 2026 corporate presentation.
The company, which is listed in Germany and Australia, reported that bulk earthworks and high-voltage power line relocations at the geothermal and lithium extraction site at the German-French border remain on schedule for completion by Q3 2026.
It announced at the end of 2025 that it had commenced execution of phase one at the project site, which is located along the Rhine, between the cities of Ludwigshafen, Mannheim and Strasbourg.
The first phase is targeting output of some 24ktpa lithium chemicals, 275 GWh of renewable power and 560 GWh of heat per annum over a 30-year period.
According to, Vulcan Energy, it is one of the only lithium projects globally with financial close and now in construction.
In its presentation, the company posted images of construction works at the Lionheart lithium extraction site and planned geothermal power plant site in Landau.
Construction work to date includes laying of the first foundation concrete layers for the Lionheart geothermal power plant in Landau, stockpiling inventory at a pipe fabrication yard in Germany, and early bulk earthworks at the Frankfurt lithium chemical plant site.
In 2027, the plan is to commence civil works at the lithium chemical plant, start construction of the geothermal power plant and secure delivery of first process equipment packages
at both the lithium chemical plant and the the extraction plant.
Upstream production and the first lithium chemical plant production is expected in 2028, with the project ramping up commercial output during 2029.
UK-listed Cornish Lithium has secured grant funding worth £7.2mn to advance its Cross Lanes Geothermal Lithium Project.
The cash — obtained via the UK government’s DRIVE35 programme — will part-fund a £14.5mn programme of drilling and testing work to assess the technical and economic viability of commercial production.
Jamie Airnes, CEO of Cornish Lithium, said the award is recognition that Cornwall is at the heart of the UK's clean energy ambitions.
“Our projects have the potential to meet nearly 40% of the government's domestic lithium production target – delivering a scalable, low-carbon and secure supply of lithium for the UK, right here in Cornwall.”
Lithium is a key component of lithium-ion batteries, which power consumer electronics, electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems, as well as a broad range of advanced manufacturing applications.
The company says its projects align with UK government priorities, which identify lithium as essential to the energy transition and set a domestic production target of 50,000 tonnes per year by 2035.
Successful exploration drilling and testing in 2023 by the company established the presence of lithium-enriched geothermal waters circulating naturally through underlying rock formations at the Cross Lanes site, near Chacewater.
In 2025, it secured planning consent for the development of the site including further phases of testing and evaluation.
The UK government’s grant — to be matched equally by Cornish Lithium — will enable the company to drill two 2,000-metre production wells and operate a Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) demonstration plant at Cross Lanes as well as drill an appraisal well at the adjacent Baldhu site to confirm the existence of additional lithium resources.
“This DRIVE35 funding will allow Cornish Lithium to carry out extended testing over a defined timescale to validate sustainable production conditions and assess water reinjection rates,” said Airnes.
Once testing is complete, a modular demonstration plant will be installed to evaluate the preferred DLE technology at scale and explore the potential to harness geothermal heat for local homes and businesses.
“Data gathered from the wells will inform the project’s final investment decision and support the company’s wider ambition to develop a network of modular geothermal lithium production facilities across Cornwall.”
The UK’s DRIVE35 programme is delivered by the Department for Business, Innovation, Science and Trade (BIST) in partnership with the Advanced Propulsion Centre UK (APC) and Innovate UK.
MP for Truro and Falmouth, Jayne Kirkham, called it an exciting time for Cornwall and its future role in supporting the nation’s energy transition.
“Our rich granite bedrock places our region at the heart of a cleaner, more resilient future and in creating hundreds of jobs, supporting local communities and strengthening our economy, this project presents a significant opportunity for Cornwall and the UK.”
ENNA Geo, a member of the ENNA Group and leading developer of geothermal projects in Croatia, has conducted 3D seismic and magnetotelluric surveys in the municipalities of Babina Greda, Sikirevci, and Gundinci to explore the geothermal potential of this area.
The modern high-resolution 3D seismic and magnetotelluric data will give information on the geological structure of the subsurface, particularly for the less explored parts of the “Babina Greda 1” geothermal water exploitation field, as well as the “Babina Greda 2” exploration area.
The seismic survey was carried out using vibroseis trucks. Through the processing and interpretation of the collected data, and by integrating it with existing geophysical and well data, a fuller picture will be created of the geothermal reservoir itself, as well as for planning the further development of geothermal fields.
The surveys were conducted in collaboration with Geopartner Geofizyka, a company specializing in geophysical, geotechnical, and hydrogeological investigations across Europe.
ENNA Geo is currently developing two geothermal power plant projects in Croatia : Zagocha, near Slatina, with a planned grid connection capacity of 20 MWe, and Babina Greda, with a planned capacity of 15 MWe.
The GE Zagocha project is the most advanced geothermal power plant development project in Croatia. Once operational, the plant is expected to generate more than 130,000 MWh of electricity annually, enough to supply more than 42,000 households. At the Slatina 2 exploitation field, drilling has been completed to a depth of 4,582 metres, making it the deepest geothermal well in Croatia. Water temperatures of up to 211°C have been recorded at the site. The total investment in GE Zagocha is estimated at €162.3 million, with commercial operations planned to commence in 2030.
At Babina Greda, the geothermal well reaches a depth of 4,083 metres, with water temperatures of 180°C, making the resource suitable for electricity generation. In addition, there is potential to utilise residual thermal energy for industrial processes, greenhouse fruit and vegetable production, district heating, drying facilities and other applications.
The investment in Babina Greda is estimated at €121.8 million, with the geothermal power plant expected to enter operation in 2032.
ENNA Geo has also strengthened its position as a leading developer of geothermal resoures with an agreement to acquire IGeoPen d.o.o., a company owned by A14 Energy Limited, thereby obtaining three geothermal exploration licences at the Ernestinovo, Sječe and Pčelić sites.
Croatia is one of the newest geothermal hotspots in Europe, with the main potential lying in the Pannonian Basin. The temperature gradient in this region is 60 % higher than the European average and there is estimated to be more than 800 MW of undiscovered geothermal potential.
In a further sign of capital inflows finding a way into the geothermal sector, Dutch firm 85 Degrees Renewable has announced a €200mn framework project finance facility to accelerate the growth of its renewable heat infrastructure platform.
The financing by two major banks, ING and Rabobank, supports the next phase of development and establishes a scalable platform for future growth, 85 Degrees Renewable noted a statement.
Bart Duijndam, CEO of 85 Degrees Renewable, said it represents much more than the successful closing of a debt transaction.
“It demonstrates the confidence that leading renewable infrastructure lenders ING and Rabobank have in our strategy and confirms that geothermal heat infrastructure has matured into an investable infrastructure asset class capable of attracting long-term project finance,” Duijndam said.
“Together with Gaia Energy, we are building a platform that will accelerate the decarbonisation of Dutch greenhouse horticulture while supporting the wider heat transition in the Netherlands.”
85 Degrees combines the long-term infrastructure investment expertise of Foresight with the geothermal development, construction and operational capabilities of Gaia Energy, one of the Netherlands’ most experienced geothermal developers.
The senior debt facility refinances the platform’s existing bridge facilities and provides funding for the next phase of development of the Central Oostland geothermal heat network in the Netherlands.
It also establishes a financing framework designed to support the long-term growth of the 85 Degrees platform, with the flexibility to expand to up to €200mn over time as the development pipeline progresses.
The 85 Degrees platform is centred around geothermal developments in the Central Oostland region with the initial build-out of its heat network in Bleiswijk and Berkel and Rodenrijs and is designed to expand through additional geothermal projects as demand for sustainable heat grows.
By supplying reliable renewable baseload heat, the platform enables greenhouse growers to reduce dependence on natural gas, strengthen long-term security of supply and improve the sustainability and competitiveness of one of the Netherlands’ most important export sectors.
The financing reflects the growing confidence of the banking community in the long-term potential of geothermal.
Gino Schuur, Head of Sustainable Finance Business Banking NL, ING, said the financing demonstrates how the bank is supporting the energy transition in the Dutch greenhouse horticulture sector.
“By providing 34 growers with access to geothermal heat, we are helping reduce reliance on natural gas while supporting the long-term sustainability and resilience of their businesses,” said Schuur.
“The financing structure also creates opportunities for future expansion of the heat network and additional geothermal developments.”
The 85 Degrees Renewable platform is built around long-term contracted heat sales, creating stable, predictable revenues while delivering environmental benefits.
Independent assessment by Impact Institute in accordance with ISO 14067 confirmed that the operating geothermal assets deliver heat with a carbon intensity of only 24 gCO₂/kWh.Methane naturally produced with the geothermal water is utilised to generate electricity for on-site operations, while the resulting CO₂ is supplied to greenhouse growers for use in crop production.
According to the statement, beyond decarbonising heat demand, geothermal energy can also contribute to solving one of the Netherlands’ most pressing infrastructure challenges.
“By delivering renewable heat directly to end users, geothermal reduces the need for additional electricity demand that would otherwise result from large-scale electrification of heating. As a result, geothermal can help alleviate pressure on the electricity grid in regions where network congestion increasingly constrains sustainable economic development."
Arverne has announced the successful completion of its EUR€70mn issuance of ORANEs, representing a major milestone in the Group's financing strategy
Vulcan Energy has announced the start of civil construction work at the 30 MW Lionheart geothermal power plant site in Landau, Germany.
Civil activities follow early bulk earthworks on the site and precede the next construction stage which will see the erection of buildings and arrival of process equipment for assembly.
“We are delighted to move beyond preparatory bulk earthworks and into civil construction activities at our Lionheart geothermal power plant — an integral part of the Lionheart integrated lithium and geothermal project,” said Vulcan’s Managing Director and CEO, Cris Moreno.
Located in the Upper Rhine Valley Brine Field between Germany and France, Lionheart — Vulcan’s first phase of production — is an important project for Europe’s energy and critical raw material resilience.
It involves the construction of an integrated lithium and renewable energy project targeting production capacity of 24,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LHM), enough for around 500,000 electric vehicle batteries per annum, with a co-product of 275 GWh of renewable power and 560 GWh of heat per annum for local consumers, over an estimated 30-year project life.
Current civil construction activities include preparation and construction of key foundations and concrete works for the power plant buildings and equipment, and building out road infrastructure.
“By producing our own baseload heat and power, where excess heat will be sold to local consumers, Lionheart is able to deliver low-cost lithium production with significant insulation from high energy prices now and in the future,” said Moreno.
Lionheart’s combined geothermal and lithium extraction facility has been designed to produce both renewable, baseload geothermal energy and high-quality lithium chloride intermediate product for downstream processing.
The commercial site, sitting on approximately 10 hectares, is under construction in the Messegelände Südost industrial park in Landau.
Both the lithium extraction and the geothermal energy plants will be connected to a network of pipelines and cables transporting lithium brine and industrial water from the well sites to Landau and back to the well sites for underground re-injection.
“It is encouraging to see Lionheart project execution progress on time, and on budget – a great start with our project partners,” said Moreno.
“Step by step, we are building cost competitive lithium production for Europe, and we look forward to keeping our shareholders abreast of further progress as the project develops.”